Abstract: Sven Hedin was a Swedish nationality world explorer.He has made several trips to China for scientific investigation and prided itself on his being married with China.From 1927 to 1936 he led the “Zhongrui Scientific Investigation Group to Northwest China” ( hereinafter referred to as “investigation group”) to enter Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang etc for investigation for eight years. He recorded a lot of what he observed about the social life in his journals.Based on the journals, aided with historical data, the social security, production activities, peoples faith and social life in rural areas of the western region of Inner Mongolia during early Republic of China were discussed.

Key words: social security, productive activity, economic society, mass conviction

摘要： 斯文·赫定是瑞典籍的世界探险家，先后多次前往中国进行科学考察，并自诩其已与中国结婚。1927—1936年，他率领的中瑞西北科学考察团进入中国的内蒙古、新疆等内陆地区进行了为期八年的考察，在日记中记述了大量有关内蒙古西部地区的社会生活见闻。本文结合其日记记述，辅之相关史料，论述民国初年内蒙古西部地区农村的社会治安、生产活动、民众信仰、社会生活等。

关键词: 社会治安, 生产活动, 经济社会, 民众信仰