关键词: 铁路；自然垄断；市场化改革；体制机制

Abstract: Delving into the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee regarding railway reform, deconstructing the organizational characteristics of the railway industry, analyzing the relationship between railway wheels and tracks, distinguishing and defining the natural monopoly segments and competitive segments of the railway, clarifying the existing problems, reform motivations, and demands within the railway industry, and promoting the innovation of the railway industrys organizational model from the perspective of wheeltrack relations are crucial for deepening railway reform of China in the new era.The paper argues that railway infrastructure （road network） exhibits relatively obvious natural monopoly characteristics, making it a natural monopoly segment of the railway industry, while railway operation services are more competitive, representing the competitive segment of the industry.Under the existing industrial organization model, the railway industry faces prominent issues such as an unclear relationship between government and enterprises and insufficient marketization.The main path to promoting innovation in railway industrial organization and institutional reform should involve a moderate separation of network and transportation operations, establishing diversified market competition entities in the railway freight sector, forming a fair and orderly market competition landscape, revitalizing the railway freight market, and enhancing the efficiency and profitability of railway freight services.

Key words: railway; natural monopoly; marketoriented reforms; institutional mechanism