Abstract: Through analyzing the driving force of social assistance systems in England, America and Germany, it is found that the pressures from underclass, social movement and welfare ideology have different effects on those three countries. To England, the pressures from underclass and mixed welfare ideology play a key role in the development of its social assistance system. To America, underclass pressures and social movements are the driving forces. To Germany, the social assistance system is the supplement of their social insurance system so it relies more on welfare ideology.

Key words: social assistance, institutional driving force, social welfare, comparative study

摘要： 通过对英国、美国和德国社会救助体系形成过程中的动力因素进行比较发现，来自底层群体的压力、社会运动与阶级斗争、福利理念与意识形态等对三个国家的救助体系带来的影响是不同的，不同国家救助体系发展的动力不同。研究发现，英国来自社会底层群体的压力、混合的福利理念是该国社会救助体系发展的动力；美国的动力因素则是来自社会底层群体的压力和社会运动与阶级斗争；德国社会救助体系作为社会保险体系的补充，其建设更加依赖福利理念与意识形态因素。

关键词: 社会救助, 制度动力, 社会福利, 比较研究